Bone Mineral Content Estimation in People Living with HIV: Prediction and Validation of Sex-Specific Anthropometric Models
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Procedures
2.2. Anthropometric Assessment
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Predictive Models to Estimate BMCDXA
3.2. Validation of Predictive Models to Predict BMCDXA
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | People Living with HIV | p Value | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total (n = 104) | Male (n = 64) | Female (n = 40) | |||||
Mean (95% CI) | Min; Max | Mean (95% CI) | Min; Max | Mean (95% CI) | Min; Max | ||
Age (years) | 44.85 (43.2; 46.5) | 21.7; 58.8 | 45.34 (43.2; 47.5) | 21.7; 58.8 | 44.03 (40.6; 46.9) | 25.0; 58.8 | 0.399 |
Diagnosis of HIV (months) | 116.31 (98.4; 131.1) | 6.2; 376.5 | 118.67 (98.2; 137.8) | 6.6; 278.1 | 112.21 (79.8; 140.5) | 6.2; 376.5 | 0.523 |
Exposure to ART (months) | 87.57 (74.6; 100.6) | 6.2; 216.3 | 91.90 (75.5; 107.8) | 6.2; 216.3 | 79.81 (58.8; 103.9) | 6.2; 207.1 | 0.378 |
Protease inhibitors use (n/%) | 45 (43.3) | 30 (46.9) | 15 (37.5) | ||||
Formal education (years) | 8.5 (7.9; 9.3) | 2.0; 15.0 | 8.98 (8.0; 9.9) | 2.0; 15.0 | 7.67 (6.7; 8.6) | 4.0; 12.0 | 0.670 |
White (n/%) | 68 (65.4) | 44 (68.8) | 24 (60.0) | ||||
Black (n/%) | 8 (7.7) | 5 (7.8) | 3 (7.5) | ||||
Asian (n/%) | 8 (7.7) | 4 (6.3) | 4 (10.0) | ||||
Pardo (n/%) | 20 (19.2) | 11 (17.2) | 9 (22.5) | ||||
Height (m) | 1.65 (1.6; 1.7) | 1.45; 1.85 | 1.70 (1.7; 1.7) | 1.5; 1.8 | 1.56 (1.5; 1.6) | 1.4; 1.7 | <0.001 |
Body weight (kg) | 68.07 (65.7; 70.6) | 50.0; 99.0 | 70.48 (68.3; 73.5) | 48.0; 99.0 | 63.9 (59.4; 67.7) | 50.0; 83.0 | 0.004 |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 24.85 (24.0; 25.6) | 17.1; 34.8 | 24.14 (23.5; 25.0) | 17.1; 31.9 | 26.09 (24.3; 27.5) | 17.1; 34.8 | 0.042 |
Body composition by DXA | |||||||
Total-BMC (g) | 2100.65 (2027.8; 2189.8) | 1010.3; 3199.6 | 2234.84 (2154.4; 2322.4) | 1291.9; 3199.6 | 1869.55 (1745.6; 1994.2) | 1010.3; 2723.8 | <0.001 |
Total-aBMD (g/cm2) | 1.10 (1.1; 1.1) | 0.8; 1.4 | 1.11 (1.1; 1.1) | 0.8; 1.4 | 1.10 (1.1; 1.1) | 0.9; 1.4 | 0.356 |
Anthropometric measurement | |||||||
Body circumferences (cm) | |||||||
Left arm extended | 28.6 (27.7; 29.1) | 15.0; 36.0 | 28.5 (28.0; 29.5) | 15.0; 36.0 | 27.80 (26.5; 29.2) | 19.2; 35.0 | 0.217 |
Left arm contracted | 29.37 (28.7; 30.0) | 20.0; 36.5 | 29.59 (28.9; 30.4) | 21.9; 36.5 | 28.98 (27.3; 30.1) | 20.0; 36.2 | 0.197 |
Left forearm | 25.32 (24.9; 25.9) | 18.7; 30.5 | 26.19 (25.8; 26.7) | 22.2; 30.5 | 23.84 (23.1; 24.7) | 18.7; 29.0 | <0.001 |
Left wrist | 16.25 (15.9; 16.7) | 12.5; 19.5 | 16.64 (16.2; 17.3) | 13.9; 19.5 | 15.58 (15.2; 16.1) | 12.5; 18.0 | 0.009 |
Right arm extended | 28.89 (28.2; 29.6) | 19.6; 38.1 | 29.00 (28.3; 29.9) | 22.5; 35.0 | 28.70 (27.2; 30.0) | 19.6; 38.1 | 0.465 |
Right arm extended corrected | 25.26 (24.8; 25.9) | 18.1; 33.3 | 26.41 (25.9; 27.1) | 21.7; 33.3 | 23.30 (22.5; 24.1) | 18.1; 27.3 | <0.001 |
Right arm contracted | 29.87 (29.2; 30.6) | 20.5; 38.0 | 30.10 (29.4; 30.9) | 24.0; 36.0 | 29.49 (28.0; 30.8) | 20.5; 38.0 | 0.270 |
Right arm contracted corrected | 26.24 (25.7; 27.0) | 19.1; 33.3 | 27.50 (27.0; 28.2) | 22.7; 33;3 | 24.09 (23.3; 24.9) | 19.1; 28.2 | <0.001 |
Right forearm | 25.81 (25.4; 26.3) | 19.0; 30.5 | 26.71 (26.3; 27.2) | 23.2; 30.5 | 24.26 (23.6; 25.1) | 19.0; 30.0 | <0.001 |
Right wrist | 16.27 (16.0; 16.6) | 12.0; 19.0 | 16.63 (16.4; 16.9) | 14.3; 19.0 | 15.66 (15.2; 16.1) | 12.0; 18.0 | <0.001 |
Left thigh | 51.19 (49.3; 53.1) | 15.0; 72.3 | 49.68 (47.6; 51.7) | 16.0; 61.3 | 53.81 (50.2; 57.3) | 15.0; 72.3 | 0.039 |
Left medial calf | 34.67 (34.0; 35.3) | 24.2; 42.5 | 34.96 (34.4; 35.7) | 29.5; 39.5 | 34.19 (32.8; 35.5) | 24.2; 42.5 | 0.167 |
Left ankle | 21.33 (21.0; 21.7) | 17.0; 24.6 | 21.65 (21.3; 22.1) | 19.4; 24.6 | 20.80 (20.3; 21.5) | 17.0; 24;1 | 0.016 |
Right thigh | 52.94 (51.6; 54.4) | 36.0; 72.2 | 51.6 (50.4; 53.1) | 39.5; 63.3 | 55.24 (52.7; 58.2) | 36.0; 72.2 | 0.012 |
Right thigh corrected | 47.85 (47.0; 48.9) | 34.6; 60.2 | 47.93 (47.0; 49.1) | 38.6; 60.2 | 47.72 (46.0; 49.7) | 34.6; 57.8 | 0.848 |
Right medial calf | 34.74 (34.0; 35.4) | 25.0; 42.0 | 35.03 (34.4; 35.8) | 29.0; 41.0 | 34.24 (32.8; 35.6) | 25.0; 42.0 | 0.174 |
Right medial calf corrected | 32.06 (31.0; 32.7) | 22.3; 38.1 | 33.21 (32.7; 34.0) | 27.9; 38.1 | 30.06 (28.9; 31.0) | 22.3; 35.0 | <0.001 |
Right ankle | 21.29 (21.0; 21.7) | 17.5; 25.0 | 21.67 (21.4; 22.1) | 19.2; 25.0 | 20.65 (20.2; 21.2) | 17.5; 24.0 | 0.002 |
Shoulder | 105.52 (104.0; 107.2) | 83.5; 120.5 | 108.23 (106.8; 110.0) | 87.0; 120.5 | 100.88 (98.0; 103.2) | 83.5; 112.0 | <0.001 |
Breast | 93.45 (91.7; 95.3) | 75.0; 109.6 | 97.48 (96.0; 99.3) | 82.5; 109.6 | 86.53 (83.7; 88.4) | 75.0; 102.4 | <0.001 |
Waist | 86.77 (85.0; 88.7) | 64.0; 105.0 | 88.40 (86.6; 90.9) | 67.3; 105.0 | 83.93 (80.2; 86.8) | 64.0; 98.3 | 0.007 |
Abdomen | 90.69 (88.0; 93.2) | 65.0; 111.0 | 89.70 (86.4; 93.0) | 65.0; 110.4 | 92.33 (87.9; 95.6) | 69.0; 111.0 | 0.511 |
Hip | 93.82 (91.9; 95.6) | 75.5; 117.4 | 91.66 (90.1; 93.7) | 75.5; 112.8 | 97.55 (93.8; 101.1) | 79.5; 117.4 | 0.004 |
Skinfold thickness (mm) | |||||||
Triceps | 11.55 (9.8; 12.8) | 1.0; 34.5 | 8.27 (7.2; 9.4) | 1.0; 20.0 | 17.22 (13.9; 19.7) | 4.1; 34.5 | <0.001 |
Thigh | 16.18 (13.8; 18.5) | 3.0; 46.0 | 11.69 (9.7; 14.1) | 3.0; 35.0 | 23.93 (20.0; 27.9) | 4.2; 46.0 | <0.001 |
Medial calf | 8.5 (7.1; 9.9) | 0.2; 28.0 | 5.77 (4.8; 7.1) | 0.2; 26.0 | 13.3 (10.8; 16.2) | 0.5; 28.0 | <0.001 |
Independent Variables | Validation | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Models for Males | Body Weight (Kg) | BMI (kg/m2) | RAFCC (cm) | β | r2 Adjust | SEE (g) | 95 %CI | Q2 PRESS | S PRESS (g) |
1 | 22.5 ± 2.6 | 642.72 ± 182.13 | 0.55 | 238.74 | 220.3 to 245.8 | 0.52 | 243.14 | ||
2 | 42.1 ± 4.9 | −78.4 ± 17.4 | 1164.90 ± 196.78 | 0.67 | 208.74 | 201.6 to 232.8 | 0.64 | 215.07 | |
3 | 40.1 ± 4.7 | −86.9 ± 17.0 | 34.8 ± 13.6 | 557.55 ± 302.98 | 0.70 | 199.97 | 184.1 to 229.9 | 0.67 | 208.25 |
Models for Females | Body weight (Kg) | AC (cm) | RAFC (cm) | β | r2 adjust | SEE (g) | 95 %CI | Q2 PRESS | S PRESS (g) |
1 | 18.0 ± 4.1 | 679.85 ± 264.91 | 0.33 | 300.71 | 287.0 to 310.2 | 0.30 | 303.60 | ||
2 | 41.2 ± 7.3 | −29.7 ± 8.2 | 1950.43 ± 418.87 | 0.50 | 255.89 | 233.5 to 266.6 | 0.47 | 260.55 | |
3 | 58.9 ± 8.7 | −34.8 ± 7.5 | −53.5 ± 17.0 | 2881.94 ± 479.11 | 0.65 | 220.96 | 179.4 to 238.0 | 0.62 | 221.90 |
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Correia, I.M.; Navarro, A.M.; Corrêa Cordeiro, J.F.; Gomide, E.B.G.; Mazzonetto, L.F.; de Sousa Oliveira, A.; Sebastião, E.; Aguilar, B.A.; de Andrade, D.; Machado, D.R.L.; et al. Bone Mineral Content Estimation in People Living with HIV: Prediction and Validation of Sex-Specific Anthropometric Models. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 12336. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912336
Correia IM, Navarro AM, Corrêa Cordeiro JF, Gomide EBG, Mazzonetto LF, de Sousa Oliveira A, Sebastião E, Aguilar BA, de Andrade D, Machado DRL, et al. Bone Mineral Content Estimation in People Living with HIV: Prediction and Validation of Sex-Specific Anthropometric Models. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(19):12336. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912336
Chicago/Turabian StyleCorreia, Igor Massari, Anderson Marliere Navarro, Jéssica Fernanda Corrêa Cordeiro, Euripedes Barsanulfo Gonçalves Gomide, Lisa Fernanda Mazzonetto, Alcivandro de Sousa Oliveira, Emerson Sebastião, Bruno Augusto Aguilar, Denise de Andrade, Dalmo Roberto Lopes Machado, and et al. 2022. "Bone Mineral Content Estimation in People Living with HIV: Prediction and Validation of Sex-Specific Anthropometric Models" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 19: 12336. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912336